Studies & Reports of the PCA General Assembly
AD INTERIM STUDY COMMITTEE ON
WOMEN IN THE MILITARY
MAJORITY REPORT (2001):
"Man's Duty to Protect Woman"
[Minutes of 29th General
Assembly, 29-57, pp. 278-308.]
Index of all
relevant texts in the 2001 and 2002 PCA Minutes |
Women
in the Military (WIM) Committee Final Report ---------------------- |
M30GA, 30-54,
p. 282 and 30-57,
p. 283 |
Communications
1, 2 and 6--------------------------------------------------------- |
M30GA, 30-57, pp. 287 - 289 |
Consensus Report 2001------------------------------------------------------------- |
M29GA, 29-57, p. 259 - 278 |
Final
Recommendations 2002------------------------------------------------------ |
M30GA, 30-57, p. 285 |
Final
Recommendations, 2001------------------------------------------------------ |
M29GA, 29-57, XI, p. 277 & M30GA,
p. 286 |
"Man's Duty
to Protect Woman" [Majority Report, 2001] -------------------- |
M29GA, 29-57, pp. 278 - 308 |
Minority
Report 2002---------------------------------------------------------------- |
M30GA, 30-57, p. 287 |
Minority Report
2001---------------------------------------------------------------- |
M29GA, 29-57, p. 308 - 320 |
Overtures 2, 21 and 26--------------------------------------------------------------- |
M30GA, 30-53, III, 7, p. 245; 30-57,
5, p. 287 |
Supplemental
Report 2002----------------------------------------------------------- |
M30GA, 30-57, p. 287 |
"Recommendations
for the Wise Counsel of the Church" ------------------- |
M29GA, 29-57, p. 308 - 320 |
Motion
to Send Report to the President [motion failed] |
M30GA, 30-60, p. 290 |
Majority Report, 2001:
"Man's Duty to Protect Woman"
We, the undersigned, endorse the Consensus Report, while
realizing that Report lacks unity on the crucial matter of whether the
recommendations it contains constitute the church's wise counsel or a
Christian's scriptural duty. Believing that this is a matter of scriptural
duty, we have joined together in writing this report to the end that we
might set forth with confidence and clarity the full counsel--both New
and Old Testaments--of the Word of God concerning this matter. Our report
attempts to summarize four areas of evidence, as follows:
First, God the Father wages war in defense of Israel,
His Bride; Christ our Savior fights to the Death defending His Bride,
the Church; the Holy Spirit calls men as officers to guard and protect
His Bride; the duty to protect the Garden of Eden and the warning
not to eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil was given
by God to Adam; husbands protect their wives, not wives their husbands.
Thus we are taught the binding nature of man's duty to guard and
protect his home and wife.
Second, woman is the weaker sex and part of her weakness is the
vulnerability attendant to her greatest privilege-that God has made
her the "Mother of all the living. " Men are to guard and protect
her as she carries in her womb, gives birth to, and nurses her children.
Third, we are to renounce every thought and action which tends towards
a diminishment of sexual differentiation since God made it and called
it "good. " [E.g. Scripture's injunctions concerning women exercising
authority over men (1 Timothy 2), women or men wearing clothing
of the opposite sex (Deuteronomy 22:5), sodomy (Leviticus 20:15-16),
etc.] Rather than a stingy attitude which minimizes sexuality's
implications, we ought to rejoice in this, His blessing. |
It is our conviction that these areas, taken together,
provide a clear and compelling scriptural rationale for declaring our
church's principled opposition to women serving in military combat positions.
When a man loves a woman, he will lay down his life to defend her, just
as Christ loved His Bride and gave Himself up for Her. Men have proudly
fulfilled this duty from time immemorial, demonstrating what A. A. Hodge
in his commentary on the Westminster Confession of Faith referred to as
the law of nature, common to all nations, that is "unchanged" to this
present day. Dying for their wives, regenerate and unregenerate men have
done "by nature (the) things required by the law."[82]
Hodge divides the Old Testament law into four categories, pointing out
that the laws of Scripture which "regulate the relations between the sexes"
are not "civil and judicial laws" meant only for "particular circumstances,"
but a different class of laws which "have their immediate ground in the
permanent nature and relations of men," and therefore "continue unchanged
as long as the present constitution of nature continues, and are of universal
binding obligation."[83] He writes:
All the divine laws belong to one or another of four classes.
There are either:
(a.) Such as are grounded directly in the perfections of the divine
nature, and are hence absolutely immutable and irrepealable even
by God Himself. These are such as the duty of love and obedience
to God, and of love and truth in our relations to our fellow-creatures.
(b.) Such as have their immediate ground in the permanent nature
and relations of men, as, for instance, the laws which protect the
rights of property and regulate the relation of the sexes. These
continue unchanged as long as the present constitution of nature
continues, and are of universal binding obligation, alike because
of their natural propriety as because of the will of God by which
they are enforced; although God, who is the Author of nature, may
in special instances waive the application of the law at His pleasure,
as He did in the case of polygamy among the ancient Jews.
(c.) Such as have their immediate ground in the changing relations
of individuals and communities. Of this class are the great mass
of the civil and judicial laws of the ancient Jews, which express
the will of God for them in their particular circumstances, and
which of course are intended to be binding only so long as the special
conditions to which they are appropriate exist.
(d.) Such as depend altogether for their binding obligation upon
the positive command of God, which are neither universal nor perpetual,
but bind those persons only to whom God has addressed them, and
only so long as the positive enactment endures. This class includes
all rites and ceremonies.[84] |
Failure to recognize that the laws of Scripture governing
the relation of the sexes are "of universal binding obligation" has produced
the confusion we suffer in the Church today, out of which has come this
present debate over the propriety of women serving as military combatants.
Furthermore, if we understood that "God, Who is the Author of nature,
may in special instances waive the application of the law at His pleasure,"
we would no longer use extraordinary cases in Scripture, such as Deborah,
Jael, and Abigail, to deny the man's duty to protect the woman. (In all
cases, though, God provides the victory.)[85]
History does, in fact, provide corroborating evidence of the "universal
binding obligation" of these laws, and if at some point in history a nation's
men had proposed to sit home while their wives and daughters defended
them, those men would be infamous for their betrayal of the weaker sex.
The twenty-first century seems, though, to lack the capacity to feel shame;
thus women make up an increasingly large percentage of our nation's armed
forces and the idea of wives and daughters giving up their lives to protect
their fathers, brothers, and husbands has lost its moral repugnance.[86]
The feminization of our armed forces is not only due to technological
advances which have rendered the strength of men irrelevant, but the Church
neglecting Her duty to be the "pillar and foundation of the Truth."[87]
Within Western culture, sexual distinction is suffering a sustained attack,
as it did also in the Roman Empire when Paul wrote: "God gave them over
to degrading passions; for their women exchanged the natural function
for that which is unnatural, and in the same way also the men abandoned
the natural function of the women and burned in their desire toward one
another...."[88]
Chrysostom comments that this text "is an evident proof of the last degree
of corruptness, when both sexes are abandoned, and both he that was ordained
to be the instructor of the woman, and she who was bid to become an helpmate
to the man, work the deeds of enemies against one another."[89]
Western culture is awash in this same corruption-both sexes are abandoned
and men and women are "enemies against one another."
While parts of the Church are still refusing to give in to some of the
more egregious expressions of this attack, including the normalization
of same-sex physical intimacy, the rootstock of androgyny and sexual anarchy
is vigorous and continues to bear poisoned fruit. In the Abolition of
Man, C. S. Lewis writes, "We make men without chests and expect of them
virtue and enterprise. We laugh at honor and are shocked to find traitors
in our midst. We castrate and bid the geldings to be fruitful."" This
is our condition today, and unless we return to fulfilling our obligation
to teach what the Word of God says concerning the meaning and purpose
of sexuality, our sons and daughters will be helpless to oppose the demands
our country will place upon them to do things contrary to their nature.
If our church finds herself unable to say more than that it is "unwise"
for her daughters to enter the military because of the "difficulties attendant
to her service there," what possible reason will PCA daughters give for
refusing conscription? Will they tell their Selective Service Board that
their church believes women should have "freedom of conscience" in this
matter, but that such freedom of conscience is a matter of their church's
counsel-not duty under the Word of God? Such an apology for conscientious
objector status will not suffice.
We, the undersigned, are convinced that the creation order of sexuality
places on man the duty to lay down his life for his wife; and further,
that those who, in a sustained way, deny this duty in word or action thereby
oppose the Word of God.
AREAS OF AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT
The dearth of men ready to serve their country in defense of their wives
and children is a concern shared by our entire committee. Further, we
rejoice that the Holy Spirit brought us to consensus in these statements:
The history of the Church's views on women serving
in the military reveals that the Church has stood opposed; this
was never a significant issue because warfare was a male duty.[91]
By eating the fruit, Adam betrayed his duty to protect his wife,
the race, and all creation.... By calling the woman a weaker vessel,
Scripture indicates that there is a greater vulnerability attendant
to womanhood, and calls upon her husband to be considerate of this
fact. This vulnerability of the woman and the duty of the man are
further confirmed by Scripture's command that a husband serve and
lay down his life for his wife. (We) have come to unanimous agreement
that women ought not to be conscripted. [92] |
Still, our Committee remains divided over whether the Word
of God speaks with clarity concerning the meaning and purpose of sexuality
as it bears on the normal practice of women serving in military combat
roles. Thus our consensus report states:
We confess that, while we also are unanimous in stating
that the above doctrine of sexuality gives guidance to the Church
concerning the inadvisability of women serving in offensive combat,
some among us believe that such guidance should be limited to pastoral
counsel that does not bind the conscience while others among us
believe that this counsel rises to the level of duty.[93] |
CLARIFICATIONS
First, in claiming that men have a duty to defend women, we are
not denying that there are extraordinary circumstances in which a woman
might properly engage in physical combat. Exceptions to the rule of male
defense are recorded both in Scripture and Church history; still, the
evident absence of a man to take up this duty is a tragic aspect of such
exceptions. As one such example, Turretin writes of "homicide (in) the
defense of chastity.. .as the examples of brave virgins stand forth, who
killed those attempting to violate their chastity, when they could in
no other way escape."[94]
When a wife or mother is the last line of defense, she will do what is
necessary to protect her home, children, and purity. Across history, though,
such women neither denied the duty of men to protect them, nor sought
by their actions to blur sexual distinctions or gain independence from
their fathers and husbands. This is the context in which to understand
Jael's courage when she slew Sisera as he slept in her tent.[95]
Jael's victory was to the discredit of Barak because "the Lord (sold)
Sisera into the hands of a woman."[96] Similarly
Deborah took leadership in time of war, but that leadership was to call
men to take up arms against Israel's oppressors, and in her leadership
Deborah was called a "mother in Israel."[97]
In an effeminate age, it is this aspect of the text which must be driven
home lest we miss the forest for the trees: God commanded a man (Hebrew 'ish )[98] to lead other men to battle
in defense of their nation; that man then asked a woman to come to battle
with him; that woman reproved that man for his cowardice; and under God's
authority, that woman also decreed that the man's cowardice would be punished
by the glory of victory going to a woman.
Thus even (and especially) here, the Word of God makes explicit what is
implicit in the scores of Old Testament texts dealing with military matters:
it is men God calls to defend their nation, even when that call is issued
through the mouth of a mother, and it is to the shame of man when woman
is the agent of victory or defeat. A few chapters after the account of
Sisera and Jael, we read of a woman throwing a millstone on Abimelech's
head, crushing his skull. What was Abimelech's response? "(Abimelech)
called quickly to the young man, his armor bearer, and said to him, `Draw
your sword and kill me, so that it will not be said of me, "A woman slew
him."' So the young man pierced him through, and he died."[99]
There are circumstances in which a woman may well engage
in physical combat, because she is the last line of defense, but such
exceptions in no way invalidate the "universal binding obligation" of
man to be manly, laying down his life in defense of his bride, home, and
nation.
Second, the spirituality of the Church is not jeopardized by fathers
and elders proclaiming that God has placed the protective duty on man.
On the propriety of the Church addressing the State, John Murray wrote:
When laws are proposed or enacted which are contrary
to the law of God, it is the dury of the church to oppose them and
expose their iniquity.... The functions of the civil magistrate,
therefore, come within the scope of the church's proclamation in
every respect in which the Word of God bears upon the proper or
improper discharge of these functions, and it is only misconception
of what is involved in the proclamation of the whole counsel of
God that leads to the notion that the church has no concern with
the political sphere....
If it is to be .faithful to its commission (the church) must make
its voice heard and felt in reference to public questions. The church
may not supinely stand aside and ignore political corruption, for
example, on the ground that to pronounce judgment on such issues
is to intermeddle in politics.... To deny such a prerogative belongs
to the church is to compromise on the universal relevance of the
Word of God and on the testimony which the church must bear to the
world. [100] |
Third, we have no desire to bind consciences in
matters where Scripture is silent; the question, though, is whether Scripture
is indeed silent on this matter? And if Scripture speaks with clarity
concerning man's protective duty, silence would be a betrayal of the Church's
calling and glory. Our duty is to speak faithfully what the Word of God
says, even when some claim that fulfillment jeopardizes the unity and
peace of the Church.
(F)ault must not always be found with the servants
of Christ, if they are driven with violent force against professed
enemies of sound doctrine, unless one is perhaps disposed to accuse
the Holy Spirit of lack of moderation.... (T)he vehemence of holy
zeal and of the Holy Spirit in the prophets was like that, and if
soft, effeminate men think it stormy, they do not consider how dear
and precious God's truth is to Him. [101] |
Fourth, to warn commissioners that the Assembly's
adoption of the duty position might make those who disagree with that
position "subject to the discipline of the Church" [102]
is a hermeneutic that allows hypothetical outcomes to take precedence
over the primary import of the text. Such warning is needed by no responsible
commissioner; fear of disciplinary entanglement is a constant in our work
and ought never to be used as a tactic to silence the Word of God. Moreover,
General Assembly is not the court of original jurisdiction for the implementation
of this doctrine in our congregational and familial life.
Fifth, when the Consensus document speaks of the "absence in the
New Testament of parallel specificity with regard to the civil realm,"[103]
we do not mean to indicate by that statement that it is our conviction
that the New Testament is silent on the matter of the meaning and purpose
of sexuality in the civil realm. Rather, we mean to say that the New Testament
does not speak to the civil realm as explicitly as it speaks to the realms
of Church and family, nor as explicitly as does the Old Testament. Yet
there is a clear doctrine of sexuality presented with great consistency
throughout the pages of Scripture, Old and New Testaments, and that doctrine
has clear application for all men and women in every sphere of life.
Finally, we have made every effort to be guided by the Scriptures
in writing this paper, heeding these instructions of our Confession
of Faith:
(T)he whole counsel of God... is either expressly set
down in scripture, or by good and necessary consequence may be deduced
from scripture... (WCF I. vi).
(T)he moral law doth for ever bind all, as well justified persons
as others, to the obedience thereof... (WCF XIX.v). |
The "judicial laws," the Standards state, "expired
together with the state of that people, not obliging any other now, further
than the general equity thereof may require."[104]
Some would argue that to establish that husbands have a Scriptural duty
to defend their wives requires the demonstration of one or more of the
following: first, that this duty is an express commandment of the Moral
Law; or second, that this duty is a deduction from Scripture which is
both good and necessary; or third, that this duty is required by the general
equity of Old Testament judicial law.[105]
In using the term, "general equity," the Westminster Divines were appealing
to that which rises above the Jewish character, an expression of the "law
of nature, common to all nations" that is "universal and permanent."
This is in keeping with the Apostolic use of Scripture.
The Apostle Paul, for instance, states that the Scriptures "were written
for our instruction."[106] Under the inspiration
of the Holy Spirit, Paul employs a hermeneutical principle demonstrated
in the following texts, in which he calls us to learn from the Old Testament:
Romans 15:4-a Psalm obeyed by the Lord as an example for us; Romans 4:23-24-words
spoken by God to Abraham, repeated by Paul as God's principle for dealing
with all men; 1 Corinthians 9:8-10-theocratic case law for an animal cited
here by Paul as analogical instruction for men; I Corinthians 10:6 and
11-numerous negative examples of the sin of Israelites, cited by Paul
as follows, "Now these things happened to them as an example, and they
were written for our instruction, upon whom the ends of the ages have
come."[107]
These texts are relevant to our study because they are non-didactic
passages in which Paul asserts that each was "written for (the) instruction"
of Christians, those "upon whom the ends of the ages have come." The Apostle
says this not only about these particular passages, but he also states
his principle as a general principle in Romans 15:4: "whatever [Greek osa, "everything that"] was written in earlier times was written
for our instruction." Paul is stating here what he will repeat later when
he writes,
"All Scripture is given by inspiration of God and is profitable
for... instruction."[108] Both the "all"
before "Scripture," and the "whatever," affirm that the Bible in
its entirety and particularity is profitable to instruct us because
it was for that purpose that it was written. |
Therefore, when we read in Scripture details concerning
the duty of the husband (and men) to defend his wife (and women), this
reflects a law of God binding on all men-not simply an anthropological
or sociological record of what was true in ancient societies. It was men
God enrolled for combat duty. The LORD spoke to Moses and gave him the
following command: "Take a census of the whole Israelite community by
their clans and families, listing every man (zakar) by name, one
by one. You and Aaron are to number by their divisions all the men in
Israel twenty years old or more who are able to serve in the army" (Numbers
1:2-3; cf also Numbers 26 and Numbers 32:2527). The explicit reason for
the census (or mustering) is that these men will be prepared "to go out
to war."
When the reformers, answering the Anabaptist attack upon
the doctrines of war found in the Old Testament, cited the Sermon on the
Mount and other texts as proof of the abrogation of Old Testament law
at this point, Turretin's comments are typical of our reformed fathers'
response: "There are three opinions about (the Judicial Law's) abrogation:
the first in defect (of the Anabaptists and Antinomians, who think it
is absolutely and simply abrogated as to all things). On this account,
whatever reasons are drawn against them from the Old Testament for the
right of the magistrate and war ... they are accustomed to resolve with
this one answer--that these are judicial and pertain to the Israelite
people and the Old Testament, but are now abrogated under the New."[109]
Note that Turretin cites Old Testament judicial laws concerning war as
laws not "abrogated," and those who say they are abrogated are "in defect."
Since the Reformers uniformly answered this attack upon the laws of war
mounted by the Anabaptists in this way, even in the face of New Testament
texts which might reasonably be advanced in favor of their abrogation--for
instance, our Lord's command to "turn the other cheek"--we would be deceiving
ourselves to think that, in today's context of gender anarchy, the Reformers
would be less clear in opposing the abrogation of the Old Testament laws
of war related to the duty of men to protect women.
The Old Testament laws of war must not be relegated to the
ash heap of "abrogation" under the pious guise of forswearing theonomist
visions of the restoration of a theocracy today. Really, those who oppose
the Old Testament laws concerning the "relation of the sexes," claiming
to be guarding freedom of conscience in matters indifferent, are repeating
the errors of the Anabaptists and Antinomians, and ought to be condemned
as firmly as our reformed fathers condemned this error in past centuries.
Throughout the Old Testament, it was men God mustered to
fight. For example, see Numbers 31:3-4; Joshua 1:14; 6:3; 8:3; Judges
7:1-8; 20:8-11; 1 Samuel 8:11-12 (contrast verse 13); 11:8; 13:2; 14:52;
24:2; 2 Samuel 24:2; 1 Chronicles 21:5; 27:1-15, 23-24; 2 Chronicles 17:12-19;
25:5-6; 26:11-14; 2 Kings 24:14-16; and Nehemiah 4:14 ("fight for ...
your wives and your homes"). Similarly, in Deuteronomy 20, a chapter devoted
to matters concerning war, exceptions to combat were given for various
reasons, but in every case the one excepted is a man (cf., e.g.,
verses 7 and 8, "Has anyone become pledged to a woman and not married
her? Let him go home, or he may die in battle and someone else marry her....
Is any man afraid or fainthearted? Let him go home so that his brothers
will not become disheartened too"). Nowhere in the Bible does God call
women to be mustered for combat duty in the army; rather, this duty belongs
to man.
This is not merely theocratic judicial case law with no
binding obligation on us today. Rather, the "careful examination of the
reason of the law" here recorded in this paper "afford(s) good ground
of judgment as to (this law's) perpetuity... .the original reason for
its enactment (being) universal and permanent, and the law (having) never
been explicitly repealed." It is for this reason that we believe it "abides
in force."
Long prior to the institution of the theocracy over Israel,
sexuality is given by God as part of His creation order, and it is the
outworking of that order we see in the Old Testament record of war-not
God's conformity to an ancient patriarchal norm which we are now free
to disregard. Thus it is that the moral teaching of the Old Testament
and the general equity of the judicial laws continue in their relevance
to us who live in the New Testament age. Then too, with A. A. Hodge we
may agree that the "relations between the sexes... .have their immediate
ground in the permanent nature and relations of men (and that they) continue
unchanged as long as the present constitution of nature continues, and
are of universal binding obligation."
But again, a clear example of an Old Testament moral teaching
not explicitly found in the Ten Commandments nor repeated in the New Testament
is God's demand for capital punishment for those who willfully take the
lives of others (Gen. 9:5,6). Yet this teaching is recognized in our Westminster
Larger Catechism's statement that "the sins forbidden in the Sixth
Commandment are, all taking away the life of ourselves, or of others,
except in case of public justice ..." (answer 136). The Westminster Divines
indicate that, not only Christians, but also the "public," must adhere
to this law of God. And in the New Testament, we find several examples
of male soldiers (cf., e. g., Matthew 8:9; par. Luke 7:8; Acts 10:1; 23:23;
cf. also Romans 13:4), demonstrating again that those who do not have
the law, do "by nature things required by the law" (Romans 2:14; cf. also
1 Corinthians 5:1 and I Timothy 5: 8).
Thus it must be concluded that the general equity of the
laws surrounding sexuality as instituted by God in His creation order
leads unambiguously to the conclusion that man is called to lay down his
life in defense of his bride, home, and nation; and that this practice
is a "law of nature, common to all nations."
GOD THE FATHER, FROM WHOM ALL FATHERHOOD GETS ITS NAME
We cannot know the nature of man until we learn the nature
of God. Our Lord taught us to address God in prayer, "Our Father...."
Nothing in all of Scripture speaks to the debate before us more succinctly
and eloquently than the Fatherhood of God. Why do we call God "Father?"
We do not call God "Father" simply because our knowledge
of our human fathers will help us to have a picture of Him as we pray.
On the contrary, we call our own fathers "father" because they are a human
reflection of God's archetypal Fatherhood from which all fatherhood gets
its name. The late F. F. Bruce wrote:
Ephesians 3:14 probably means that God is "the Father
[paten] from whom every fatherhood [patria] in heaven and on earth
is named, " "every patria is so named after the pater. " God is
the archetypal Father; all other fatherhood is a more or less imperfect
copy of his perfect fatherhood.[110] |
The debates which rage today over the language of worship
and the proper translation of gender markings in Scripture have at their
heart the nature and meaning of sexuality in God's order of creation.
The root question of this debate is whether the Fatherhood of God is anthropomorphic
or archetypal--whether patriarchy is merely a human habit we have inherited
from our ancestors and therefore expendable, or God's decree, and therefore
universally binding. David Lyle Jeffrey comments:
In theological terms... `God the Father' is
not really a metaphor at all-at least not in the minds of the writers
of Scripture or early interpreters in Christian tradition....As
Jaroslav Pelikan puts it: "(U)sing the name Father for God was not ... a figure of speech. It was only because God was the Father of
the Logos-Son that the term father could also be applied to human
parents, and when it was used of them it was a figure of
speech. (Emphases in the original.).[111] |
It is our conviction that in studying the Fatherhood of
God we learn the nature of human fatherhood. Such knowledge is God's perfect
balm for the hearts of all whose earthly fathers have failed them: Our
Heavenly Father will never leave us nor forsake us. When we are abandoned
by our fathers here on earth He will pick us up and carry us tenderly
in His arms. Why can we be certain of this?
Because He is a judge for widows and a father to the orphans,
taking up the cause of all those weak and vulnerable by virtue of their
age, sex, life circumstance, or spiritual bondage. Thus concerning those
in spiritual bondage, Scripture promises, "Like as a father pitieth his
children, so the LORD pitieth them that fear Him."[112]
Concerning foreigners: "He executes justice for the orphan and the widow,
and shows His love for the alien by giving him food and clothing."[113]
Concerning the poor: "He raises the poor from the dust, He lifts the needy
from the ash heap to make them sit with nobles, and inherit a seat of
honor; for the pillars of the earth are the LORD'S, and He set the world
on them."[114] Concerning the fatherless and
widows: "A father of the fatherless and a judge for the widows, is God
in His holy habitation."[115]
Those who hold positions of power and authority are to
pattern themselves after God's fatherly attributes in their care for the
weak and vulnerable: "Vindicate the weak and fatherless; do justice to
the afflicted and destitute."[116] And if they
refuse, here is their condemnation: "Your rulers are rebels and companions
of thieves; everyone loves a bribe and chases after rewards. They do not
defend the orphan, nor does the widow's plea come before them."[117]
It is worth noting that Scripture speaks of God taking up
the cause of widows, not widowers, and this aspect of God's revelation
has passed largely without comment by exegetes and expositors, needing
no explanation until our own time when men have forgotten that a widow
is vulnerable because of the absence of her husband. For those without
husbands and fathers, our Heavenly Father is a warrior, mighty in battle:
"The LORD will go forth like a warrior, He will arouse [His] zeal like
a man (ish) of war. He will utter a shout, yes, He will raise a
war cry. He will prevail against His enemies."[118]
Note that God is "like a man of war," not like a woman of
war. Scripture indicates it is shameful for any nation to have womanly
warriors: "The mighty men of Babylon have ceased fighting, they stay in
the strongholds; their strength is exhausted, they are becoming like women;
their dwelling places are set on fire, the bars of her gates are broken."[119]
God is the Father from Whom all fatherhood gets its name,
and He shows Himself strong in behalf of the weak and oppressed, taking
them under His wings and defending them from all harm, particularly the
sojourner, the poor, orphans, and widows-women with no husband to support,
guard and protect them.
JESUS CHRIST: SAVIOR OF HIS BRIDE
(T)hen comes the end, when (Christ) hands over the
kingdom to the God and Father, when He has abolished all rule and
all authority and power. For He must reign until He has put all
His enemies under His feet (1 Cor. 15:24-25). |
Jesus Christ engaged Satan in battle, vanquishing His foe
and purchasing the freedom of His Bride. 120 Our Lord "was wounded for
our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement
of our peace was upon Him; and with His stripes we are healed" (Isaiah
53:5). Our Savior fought valiantly and unceasingly for His Bride until
He rendered Satan powerless."[121]
Therefore, since the children share in flesh and blood,
He Himself likewise also partook of the same, that through death
He might render powerless him who had the power of death, that is,
the devil... (Hebrews 2:14). |
On this passage, Calvin comments:
(Christ) has so delivered us from the tyranny of the
devil, that we are rendered safe .... (T)he destruction of the devil,
of which he speaks, imports this--that he cannot prevail against
us. For though the devil still lives, and constantly attempts our
ruin, yet all his power to hurt us is destroyed or restrained It
is a great consolation to know that we have to do with an enemy
who cannot prevail against us.[122] |
Only an age of prosperity and peace could fail to note the
military imagery so often used in Scripture to describe our Savior's work.
Tertullian comments:
(Christ) came to wage a spiritual warfare against spiritual
enemies, in spiritual campaigns, and with spiritual weapons. (Christ)
also must be understood to be an exterminator of spiritual foes,
who wields spiritual arms and fights in spiritual strife.... Therefore
it is of such a war as this that the Psalm may evidently have
spoken: "The Lord is strong, the Lord is mighty in battle." For with the last enemy death did He fight, and through the trophy
of the Cross He triumphed.[123]
Thus is the Creator's Christ mighty in war, and a bearer of
arms; thus also does He now take the spoils, not of Samaria alone,
but of all nations.[124]
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The divine warrior theme of the Old Testament reaches its
fulfillment in the spiritual victory won by Christ on the Cross.[125]
Thus it is that, in Ephesians 5:23-27, the Apostle Paul refers to Christ
as "Savior of the body" and commands husbands to love their wives "as
Christ also loved the Church and gave Himself up for Her." The sacrificial
love of our Bridegroom for His Bride sets the standard:
For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is
the Head of the Church, He Himself being the Savior of the Body.
... Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ also loved the Church
and gave Himself up for Her... (Ephesians 5:23,25).
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Christ loves the Church in many ways; He prays for Her,
leads Her, provides for Her, and protects Her, and e a c h of these redemptive
acts of love finds a scriptural echo in the practical love a husband owes
his wife.[126] But what about Christ's definitive
act of love, His substitutionary death for His Bride? Is there no counterpart
in a husband's duty? When the death of Christ is held out as the supreme
example of the love human husbands are to have for their wives, is it
enough to relegate such sacrifice merely to emotional and spiritual realms?
Paul writes that Christ "gave Himself up for" (Ephesians
5:25) the Church. Jesus took our place, offering Himself up to God as
our substitute, dying "on behalf of' the Church, taking upon Himself what
we deserved so we might be washed, cleansed, and sanctified.
This is the example and challenge before us as husbands.
But how do we apply this to our lives? Obviously, this entails sacrificing
our own interests and desires for our wives, but the terminology of the
passage pushes us even further. Paul's emphasis here is not ethereal;
he talks about bodies, sex, and becoming "one flesh."[127]
Jesus is the Savior not just of souls but also of bodies, and husbands,
called to love as the Bridegroom loved His Bride, must see it as their
duty to lay down their own lives for their brides.
How could a Christian husband possibly think that self-sacrifice
is his duty towards his wife in spiritual matters, yet deny it in temporal
matters? What does it mean for Scripture to call husbands to follow in
the footsteps of their Savior, if it doesn't mean that husbands have a
unique, sex-specific duty to lay down their own physical lives for the
bodily salvation of their brides?
The analogy of Christ's love for His Bride to the love of
a husband for his wife comes from the pen of the apostle Paul writing
under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Christ is the archetypal Bridegroom,
fighting to the death for His archetypal Bride, the Church.[128]
He is the Victor,[129] defending and protecting
His Bride by engaging and vanquishing Her enemy:[130]
Through the Second Man, (God) bound the strong one,
and spoiled his goods, and annihilated death, bringing life to man
who had become subject to death.... Wherefore, he who had taken
man captive was himself taken captive by God, and man who had been
taken captive was set free from the bondage of condemnation. (Irenaeus; Against Heresies; III., 23. 1) |
Who would deny that husbands have a sex-specific duty to
defend their wives, engaging and vanquishing her enemies? Their own Master
is Savior of His Bride, and they are to follow in His footsteps, laying
down their lives as He first laid down His.
CHURCH OFFICERS: WATCHMEN OVER CHRIST'S BRIDE
One of the great privileges of knowing Jesus as our Groom
is to be called to be an undershepherd of His Flock. Yet, as the subsequent
history of Jesus' first twelve undershepherds demonstrates, such a calling
is not the domain of cowards. Shepherding the Flock of Christ requires
taking up the Cross in Her behalf, fighting not with physical but spiritual
weapons.
These twelve Jesus sent out after instructing them:
"...as you go, preach, saying, 'The kingdom of heaven is at hand.
'Behold, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves; so be shrewd
as serpents and innocent as doves. But beware of men, for they will
hand you over to the courts and scourge you in their synagogues;
and you will even be brought before governors and kings for My sake,
as a testimony to them and to the Gentiles.... A disciple is not
above his teacher, nor a slave above his master. It is enough for
the disciple that he become like his teacher, and the slave like
his master. If they have called the head of the house Beelzebul,
how much more will they malign the members of his household! ...
Therefore everyone who confesses Me before men, I will also confess
him before My Father who is in heaven. But whoever denies Me before
men, I will also deny him before My Father who is in heaven. Do
not think that I came to bring peace on the earth; I did not come
to bring peace, but a sword. " When Jesus had finished giving instructions
to His twelve disciples... (Matthew 10:5,16-18, 24-25, 32-34;
11:1a). |
This warning of impending warfare is given specifically
to the Twelve. The passage begins and ends with Jesus warning His apostles
that they have been called to follow their Master, not merely in what
they preach, but also in the opposition, hatred, and death at the hands
of God's enemies they will face. Who were these men commissioned by Jesus
to this service?
First, they were men--men chosen by God. Prior to calling
the Twelve Jesus prayed through the night about the selection process
before Him;[131] at the end of His life Jesus
referred to the Twelve as those the Father had given Him.[132]
There was nothing accidental about the composition of the
Twelve. In this light, we note also that these individuals chosen by God
were exclusively Jewish and male. Here again God's creation mandate that
declares that men-not women-are to carry the burden of leadership and
authority comes into view. God's Word calls men to serve as officers of
Christ's Church, modeling their protection on the example of their glorious
Master and the great cloud of faithful undershepherds, who throughout
history have followed in their Master's footsteps by laying down their
lives for the Flock. Such an understanding of the eldership informed our
own PCA fathers when they wrote of the "guardianship ...which the church
maintains over its members" through the discipline applied by her officers.[133]
Though our first Adam failed in his exercise of this duty,
our Second Adam, the Good Shepherd, fulfilled this mandate to perfection,
and it is He that all faithful undershepherds of the Church march behind
as they guard the household of faith.[134] Paul
commands the young pastor, Timothy, to "fight the good fight" (1 Timothy
1:18). Timothy is to "Suffer hardship... as a good soldier of Christ Jesus.
No soldier in active service entangles himself in the affairs of everyday
life, so that he may please the one who enlisted him as a soldier" (2
Timothy 2:1,3-4). Ambrose writes: "This it is the true fortitude which
Christ's warrior has, who receives not the crown unless he strives lawfully....
Affliction on all sides, fighting without and fears within. And though
in dangers, in countless labors, in prisons, in deaths-he was not broken
in spirit, but fought so as to become more powerful through his infirmities."[135]
ADAM: DEFENDER OF EVE AND THE GARDEN
In the Garden of Eden God revealed the pattern of man's
protective responsibility by communicating two duties to Adam, the federal
head and father of mankind: first He commanded him to cultivate and keep,
to protect, the Garden; and second He commanded him not to eat of the
tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
Then the LORD God took the man and put him into the garden
of Eden to cultivate it and keep it. And the LORD God commanded
the man, saying, "From any tree of the garden you may eat freely;
but from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not
eat, for in the day that you eat from it you shall surely die" (Genesis
2:15-17). |
The same Hebrew root used in the command to keep the Garden (shmr) is also used in Cain's rhetorical question, "Am
I my brother's keeper?"[136] Then too, in Genesis
3:24 the Lord Himself posted a guard of Cherubim to keep (shmr) Adam from
intruding into the Garden where he might avail himself of the Tree of
Life. Since Adam failed to fulfill his duty to guard the Garden and his
wife by slaying the Serpent,[137] he was ordered
out of the Garden and an angelic guard was posted with flaming swords
to guard the Garden against Adam himself.
God commanded Adam to guard the Garden, and it was not until
after He made Adam the first line of defense that He created Eve. From
the beginning Eve was dependent upon the protection of her husband, and
this point was not lost on Satan. Luther notes the significance of Satan
tempting Eve:
Satan 's cleverness is perceived also in this, that he
attacks the weak part of the human nature, Eve the woman, not Adam
the man... .Just as in all the rest of nature the strength of the
male surpasses that of the other sex, so also in the perfect nature
the male somewhat excelled the female. ...Satan, therefore, directs
his attack on Eve as the weaker part and puts her valor to the test....[138] |
Similarly, Calvin:
Moreover the craftiness of Satan betrays itself in
this, that he does not directly assail the man, but approaches him,
as through a mine, in the person of his wife. This insidious method
of attack is more than sufficiently known to us at the present day,
and I wish we might learn prudently to guard ourselves against it.
For he warily insinuates himself at that point at which he sees
us to be the least fortified, that he may not be perceived till
he should have penetrated where he wished.[139] |
There was danger in the Garden of Eden and God revealed
that danger directly to Adam, commanding him to flee it. If some wish
to negate Adam's protective responsibilities by pointing out that Eve
sinned first, let us note that when God investigated the Fall, He approached
Adam alone: "Then the LORD God called to the man, and said to him, `Where
are you?' " [140] E. J. Young writes:
It is to Adam that God first calls out, for... the
primary responsibility rested upon him. God had prohibited Adam
from partaking of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good
and evil and so it was that God now in calling spoke to him. We
may notice that the Bible expressly says, "And God said to him:"
God's address was directed to Adam, the guilty one.[141] |
Scripture places squarely on Adam's shoulders the responsibility
for the Fall.[142] Instead of killing the serpent
and rebuking Eve, Adam "listened to the voice of (his) wife" and ate from
the forbidden tree.[143] The results of "one
man's disobedience" are catastrophic, as "creation is subjected to futility,"
to "slavery to corruption," and is groaning and suffering the "pains of
childbirth until now."[144] Herman Bavinck writes
concerning Adam's protective duty and subsequent failure at that duty:
(T)he first man received a double task to perform:
first, to cultivate and preserve the garden of Eden, and, second,
to eat freely of all the trees in the garden except of the tree
of the knowledge of good and evil....Adam (was to) watch over it,
safeguard it, protect it against all evil that may threaten it,
must, in short, secure it against the service of corruption in which
the whole of creation now groans.[145] |
If Eve needed protection in Eden, how much more does she
require her husband's protection after the Fall, especially considering
the imposition of the curse. Luther notes how Adam's protective duties
are "fraught with much danger" today, necessitating the use of swords,
spears, and cannons:
God assigns to Adam a twofold duty, namely, to work
or cultivate this garden and, furthermore, to watch and guard it....
(T)he land is not only tilled, but what has been tilled is also
guarded ... (In the garden) defense or protection would have been
most pleasant, whereas now it is fraught with much danger. By one
single word, even by a nod, Adam would have put bears and lions
to flight. Indeed, we have protection today, but it is obviously
awful. It requires swords, spears, cannons, walls, redoubts, and
trenches; and yet we can scarcely be safe with our families.[146] |
Instead of fulfilling his duty and engaging his mortal enemy,
Adam refused to stand in the breach. He listened to the woman and ate
of the forbidden fruit. He was called to lay down his life in defense
of his bride and his garden-home, but he betrayed his calling and abandoned
his post.
MAN: DEFENDER OF WOMAN
Adam's descendants also are to model their fatherhood after
God, the Archetype Father. In a poem written as a dedication of his first
book to his father, George MacDonald wrote, "Fatherhood is at the world's
great core." There are many aspects to fatherhood; here John Piper reduces
it to its essence: "At the heart of mature masculinity is a sense of benevolent
responsibility to lead, provide for and protect women...."[147]
This third aspect, the protection of women, is our central concern, and
we see this duty confirmed in a command given to husbands by the Apostle
Peter who writes, "You husbands in the same way, live with [your wives]
in an understanding way, as with someone weaker, since she is a woman;
and show her honor as a fellow heir of the grace of life, so that your
prayers will not be hindered."[148]
Among the many strengths that the Bible affirms for femininity,
the Bible also affirms a weakness that is distinctive to the female. This
weakness is not because she is a wife, but precisely because she is a
woman; and if the husband patterns himself after God the Father, he will
defend the weak just as His Heavenly Father defends them. The Old Testament
confirms this weakness in addressing the importance of keeping vows. In
the Westminster Confession's chapter "Of Lawful Oaths and Vows,"
we read, "No man may vow to do anything forbidden in the Word of God,
or what would hinder any duty therein commanded, or which is not in his
own power, and for the performance whereof he hath no promise of ability
from God." Note the Scripture proof chosen by the Divines to support this
doctrine:
But if her father should forbid her on the day he hears
of it, none of her vows or her obligations by which she has bound
herself shall stand; and the LORD will forgive her because her father
had forbidden her... But if on the day her husband hears of it,
he forbids her, then he shall annul her vow which she is under and
the rash statement of her lips by which she has bound herself,o
and the LORD will forgive her... But if her husband indeed annuls
them on the day he hears them, then whatever proceeds out of her
lips concerning her vows or concerning the obligation of herself
shall not stand; her husband has annulled them, and the LORD will
forgive her. Every vow and every binding oath to humble herself,
her husband may confirm it or her husband may annul it. (Numbers
30.5,8,12,13). |
Fathers are to protect the weaker sex, "annul(ling) her
vow which she is under and the rash statement of her lips by which she
has bound herself...." By citing this text in their Scripture proofs,
the Westminster Divines demonstrate their thoroughgoing commitment to
the biblical doctrine of male headship.[149]
The Divines here teach us that a woman may properly be barred from both
taking and fulfilling a vow, due to a prior subordinate relationship-in
this case, that she is by virtue of the creation order under the authority
of her husband or father. Commenting on when vows are non-binding, A.A.
Hodge writes, "A vow cannot bind ... when made by a child or other person
under authority and destitute of the right to bind themselves of their
own will (Numbers 30:1-8).[150]
Hodge's comments and direct citation of Numbers 30 are typical
of our reformed fathers' understanding of the man's duty to guard his
wife and daughters, and of the woman's inability to act independently
of that male authority which God has placed in her life for her own well-being
and protection. God the Father provides this covering of authority when
the widow and orphan no longer have protection under their natural sovereign:
"You shall not afflict any widow or orphan. If you afflict him at all,
and if he does cry out to Me, I will surely hear his cry; and My anger
will be kindled, and I will kill you with the sword, and your wives shall
become widows and your children fatherless."[151]
Beyond the danger of "rash statements," a host of biblical
texts indicate that it is man's duty to defend his wife, children, and
nation.[152]
When a man takes a new wife, he shall not go
out with the army nor be charged with any duty, he shall be free
at home one year and shall give happiness to his wife whom he
has taken (Deuteronomy 24.-5).
Moses spoke to the people, saying, "Arm men from
among you for the war, that they may go against Midian to execute
the LORD'S vengeance on Midian (Numbers 31:3).
Your wives, your little ones, and your cattle
shall remain in the land which Moses gave you beyond the Jordan,
but you shall cross before your brothers in battle array, all
your valiant warriors, and shall help them, until the LORD gives
your brothers rest, as [He gives] you, and they also possess the
land which the LORD your God is giving them (Joshua 1:14).
|
When Jacob went to meet Esau, he sent his servants ahead
with the gifts,[153] then he himself went in front of his wives and children.[154]
Joseph was called by God to stand with Mary in her time of need;[155]
then later, God called Joseph to protect Jesus from Herod's slaughter:
"(B)ehold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and said,
'Get up! Take the Child and His mother and flee to Egypt, and remain there
until I tell you; for Herod is going to search for the Child to destroy
Him.' "[156]
Small parts of God's Word are worthy of the closest scrutiny,
including that minimalist picture drawn by the Apostle John, of Jesus,
as He hangs on the Cross, assigning John the duty of caring for His mother,
Mary. It would have been unthinkable for Jesus to have given this duty
to a woman; here too, Jesus fulfilled all righteousness--even that of
His sex--by transferring to a man His duty to provide for and protect
His mother:
When Jesus then saw His mother, and the disciple whom
He loved standing nearby, He said to His mother, "Woman, behold,
your son!" Then He said to the disciple, "Behold, your mother!"
From that hour the disciple took her into his own household (John
19:26-27). |
E. L. Hebden Taylor writes, "Christ ... accepted His responsibility
as a man. One of His last acts from the Cross was to turn over to His
disciple, John, the care of His own beloved mother. To Mary He said, `Woman,
behold thy son,' and to John, 'Behold thy mother' "(John 19:26).[157]
God is the archetypal Father from Whom all fatherhood gets
its name, and the fatherhood of man is vindicated when men show themselves
strong, not only in behalf of their wives and daughters, but in behalf
of all the weak and oppressed--including sojourners, the poor, orphans,
and widows.
WOMAN: GIVER OF LIFE
Prior to this point we have approached the question of women in combat
from the perspective of fatherhood, beginning with the Fatherhood of God,
expanding into the work of Christ, the Bridegroom; then descending to
human fatherhood--familial, cultural and ecclesiastical.
As we turn our attention to biblical teaching on womanhood,
let us remember that there is implicit instruction on womanhood in Scripture's
teaching on fatherhood. When God specifically links His works to His character
as Father, when the Son's behavior is linked to His Husbandly love for
His Bride, and when corresponding human duties are established in the
Word as the province of the man, it behooves us to recognize that such
teaching constitutes implicit guidance on the role and responsibilities
of womanhood.
But Scripture also teaches explicitly on womanhood; let
us start with this explicit biblical principle: "Husbands in the same
way, live with your wives in an understanding way, as with someone weaker,
since she is a woman..." (1 Peter 3:7). One part of the weakness attributed
to woman by the Word of God is the vulnerability attendant to her nature
as the "Mother of all the living."[158]
With all due respect, perhaps the simplest and most eloquent argument
against woman serving in military combat roles is the fact that she has
been endowed by her Creator with a womb and breasts. A woman constantly
carries with her the demands and vulnerability of motherhood. Picture
an attack upon any family unit: the enemy approaches, the mother retreats
with a baby at her breast and the rest of her little ones gathered under
her skirts, and the father stands his ground to intercept the enemy. Our
Lord issues a dire warning concerning these same aspects of womanhood:
"But woe to those who are pregnant and to those who are nursing babies
in those days!"[159]
Read Scripture with the nature and purpose of womanhood
in mind and it is striking how central the theme of childbearing appears,
from the consequences of the Fall, to the blessings of the godly, to the
necessary qualifications of women seeking to be enrolled as widows in
the Church:
To the woman He said, "I will greatly multiply your pain in
childbirth, in pain you will bring forth children... "(Genesis
3:16).
Your wife shall be like a fruitful vine within your house,
your children like olive plants around your table (Psalms 128:3).
A widow is to be put on the list only if she is not less than
sixty years old, having been the wife of one man, having a reputation
for good works; and if she has brought up children, if she has
shown hospitality to strangers, if she has washed the saints '
feet, if she has assisted those in distress, and if she has devoted
herself to every good work (1 Timothy 5:9,10).
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Devoting herself to her children and home is a central part
of the curriculum older women are to teach younger women of the Church,
warning that those Christian women who turn away from these things dishonor
the Word of God:
(E)ncourage the young women to love their husbands, to love
their children, [to he] sensible, pure, workers at home, kind,
being subject to their own husbands, so that the Word of God will
not be dishonored (Titus 2:4-5).
Therefore, I want younger [widows] to get married, bear children,
keep house, [and] give the enemy no occasion for reproach (1 Timothy
5:14).
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And what of the "excellent wife" of Proverbs 31? Her focus
is the same as that commended to the younger women in Titus 2: she "gives
food to her household," with strength she buys and sells land, "grasps
the spindle," and "extends her hand to the poor," her "household (is)
clothed with scarlet" and she "looks well to the ways of her household;"
thus it is that "her children arise and call her `blessed."'
The Apostle Paul writes, "women shall be preserved through
the bearing of children .... "[160] While there
has been much debate over the meaning of this statement, no one has ever
doubted that childbearing is at the center of woman's calling, and that
this work of woman is akin to warfare, requiring the greatest courage,
perseverance, and self-sacrifice. Therefore, it should be understood that
any attempt to absolve woman of military duty recognizes that her service
to man as life-giver already carries with it the most severe consequences
of pain and bloodshed, even to the point of death.
Because of his love and respect for femininity's essence,
past generations of man made every effort to shield mothers, daughters,
and wives from the ravages of war, whether in body or spirit. Even battlefield
nurses who cared for men, nursing them back to life and tenderly binding
up their wounded bodies and hearts, were ordinarily protected from frontline
horrors:
April 16, 1945
Dearest Family:
The war has been moving so fast it makes you wonder where
the catch is, and if there isn't some surprise they're going to
spring. It is strange to be sitting in Germany-in the middle of
a conquered country.... (We) are in a Nazi city now and for the
first time I'm beginning to feel real hatred for the German people.
It's in the air. Stories come back to us from men who have visited
the concentration camp nearby. Hundreds of bodies of slave laborers
were discovered, including three American airmen-some burned,
some starved, all emaciated, stacked up like cordwood. The German
mayor, or Burgermeister, and his wife were taken out to see the
place after the Americans took over. They went home and hanged
themselves that night--whether from shame and remorse that they
belonged to such a murderous race, or from fear that we might
do the same to them, I don't know.
Our girls have wanted to go, too--one of those morbid things
that attract and fascinate even though they're revolting. But
our Army bosses won't let us. Their refusal made our girls awfully
mad, and they couldn't see that the restriction was intended as
a compliment. The Army felt that it would be unbecoming for us
to view a stack of starved, nude male bodies. While at, first
I thought I wanted to go, too, now I'm glad they wouldn't let
us--and pleased that our men thought that much of us. It is just
little things like that which set us apart from the rest of the
world and make me glad I'm an American. Maybe we aren't very good
warriors, but we're certainly a better people.
Love,
Angie (Angela Petesch, Red Cross nurse.) [161]
|
Finally, we turn to one of the most horrific aspects of
the feminization of the military-an aspect which has passed without comment
in the Church's discussion of women combatants: mothers in battle. Throughout
history, soldiers have intentionally slaughtered pregnant women and their
unborn children by thrusting their weapons into the mother's womb:
Hazael said, "Why does my lord weep? " Then he answered,
"Because I know the evil that you will do to the sons of Israel:
their strongholds you will set on fire, and their young men you
will kill with the sword, and their little ones you will dash in
pieces, and their women with child you will rip up " (2 Kings 8:12). |
In his commentary on Exodus 21:22, Calvin indicates that
it is "atrocious" for an unborn child to be killed in his mother's womb:
The fetus, though enclosed in the womb of its mother,
is already a human being, and it is almost a monstrous crime to
rob it of the life which it has not yet begun to enjoy. If it seems
more horrible to kill a man in his own house than in afield, because
a man's house is his place of most secure refuge, it ought surely
to be deemed more atrocious to destroy a fetus in the womb before
it has come to life. |
Yet this is precisely what must happen in any military force
which deploys women of childbearing age as combatants. Unborn children
will be destroyed as they rest in the place God has designed as their
most secure refuge. Are we such monsters that we fail to recoil from this
in horror?
In the work of this committee, one of our committee members
held a lengthy discussion with Professor Vern Poythress of Westminster
Seminary about the implications of pregnancy among female combatants in
our armed forces. Following that conversation, Poythress wrote:
Within the just war theological tradition, we believe that
Scripture gives to governments the power to conscript soldiers
and to accept volunteers. But to conscript women is immoral, because
it unnecessarily endangers the lives of .fetuses. The fact that
the commanders and/or conscriptors cannot know with certainty
is the problem. Principles like the goring ox and the rail around
the roof of houses show that we must not only not be guilty of
willfully taking innocent life, but must protect against opening
the possibility of accidental taking of life.
What about women volunteers? For the sake of argument suppose
one grants that an adult woman has the authority to volunteer
herself, to risk her life (as women do risk their lives when they
give birth!). But she does not have the authority to "volunteer" her fetus, because, as we have seen through the abortion controversy,
the fetus is a distinct human being.[162]
|
Illustrating our nation's confusion and consequent inconsistency,
though, the United States House of Representatives unanimously passed
H.R. 4888 last year, prohibiting states from executing a pregnant woman
until after the safe delivery of her child. H.R. 4888 reads, "It shall
be unlawful for any authority, military or civil, of the United States,
a State, or any district, possession, commonwealth or other territory
under the authority of the United States to carry out a sentence of death
on a woman while she carries a child in utero. In this section,
the term 'child in utero' means a member of the species Homo
sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb."
So although we have enacted laws as a nation to protect
the in utero children of criminals, Congress offers no such legal
protection to the in utero children of our women soldiers--and
this, despite the dramatic frequency of pregnancy among women members
of the U.S. military. The problem is not that women become pregnant or
bear children; this is the very essence of femininity, as indicated by
the name Adam gave his wife: "Now the man called his wife's name Eve,
because she was the mother of all the living."[163]
Rather, the problem is that we have placed our daughters and sisters in
the untenable position of seeking to be killers even as they naturally,
and even at the same time, seek to bring forth life.
Is it ever possible to deal with woman as an abstract entity
without considering her essential nature as life-giver? We answer "no."
Woman is woman: she can never be less, God be praised!
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION: GOD'S GOOD GIFT
God made man male and female and this foundational diversity of sexuality
He pronounced "good.""' Since all the glorious variety of God's creation
ought to be the occasion of our rejoicing, sexual differentiation should
be no exception to this rule. Rather than a stingy attitude through which
we seek to minimize sexuality's implications in our lives, we ought to
maximize this diversity, renouncing every thought and action which tends
to diminish it. This is the biblical context to understand the texts which
deal with the clothing of men and women: clothing is not to confuse, but
rather to clarify, our sexuality:
A woman shall not wear man's clothing, nor shall a man put
on a woman's clothing; for whoever does these things is an abomination
to the LORD your God.[165]
For a man ought not to have his head covered, since he is
the image and glory of God; but the woman is the glory of man.
For man does not originate from woman, but woman from man....
Does not even nature itself teach you that if a man has long hair,
it is a dishonor to him, but if a woman has long hair, it is a
glory to her? For her hair is given to her for a covering.[166]
|
In his exposition of the Seventh Commandment, John Calvin
speaks of the immodesty of women who clothe themselves as warriors:
This decree also commends modesty in general, and in it God anticipates
the danger, lest women should harden themselves into forgetfulness
of modesty, or men should degenerate into effeminacy unworthy
of their nature. Garments are not in themselves of so much importance;
but as it is disgraceful for men to become effeminate, and also
for women to affect manliness in their dress and gestures, propriety
and modesty are prescribed, not only for decency's sake, but lest
one kind of liberty should at length lead to something worse.
The words of the heathen poet (Juvenal) are very true:
|
"What shame can she, who wears a helmet, show,
Her sex deserting?" [167]
|
Similarly, Clement of Alexandria:
What reason is there in the law's prohibiting a man
from "wearing woman's clothing? " Is it not that it would have us
to be manly, and not to be effeminate neither in person and actions,
nor in thought and word? For it would have the man, that devotes
himself to the truth, to be masculine both in acts of endurance
and patience, in life, conduct, word, and discipline by night and
by day; even if the necessity were to occur, of witnessing by the
shedding of his blood. Again, it is said, "If any one who has newly
built a house, and has not previously inhabited it; or cultivated
a newly planted vine, and not yet partaken of the fruit; or betrothed
a virgin, and not yet married her; " - such the humane law orders
to be relieved from military service: from military reasons in the
first place, lest, bent on their desires, they turn out sluggish
in war.... [168] |
Deuteronomy 22:5 declares that God abhors woman camouflaging
herself as a man (and vice versa). Man and woman are not to exchange clothing
because to do so is an attack upon the glory God has attached to sexuality.[169]
Thus it is that the Church has condemned women warriors.[170]
For example, Luther comments on this text:
A woman shall not bear the weapons of a man, nor shall
a man wear female clothing... .for it is shameful for a man to be
clothed like a woman, and it is improper for a woman to bear the
arms of a man. Through this law (God) seems to reproach any nation
in which this custom is observed.[171] |
If men and women exchanging clothing is condemned because
such actions explicitly deny one's sexuality, is it any surprise that
womanly armies are loathsome and pathetic? So, for instance:
In that day the Egyptians will become like women, and they
will tremble and be in dread because of the waving of the hand
of the LORD of hosts, which He is going to wave over them (Isaiah
19:16).
Behold, your people are women in your midst! The gates of
your land are opened wide to your enemies; fire consumes your
gate bars (Nahum 3:13).
A sword against their horses and against their chariots and
against all the foreigners who are in the midst of her, and they
will become women! A sword against her treasures, and they will
be plundered (Jeremiah 50:3 7).
The mighty men of Babylon have ceased fighting, they stay
in the strongholds; their strength is exhausted, they are becoming
[like] women; their dwelling places are set on fire, the bars
of her [gates] are broken (Jeremiah 51:30).
|
One can understand, then, why golden-tongued Chrysostom,
whose preaching was used by God in the conversion of Augustine, would
express himself in this conservative manner concerning women's roles:
Woman was not made for this, O man, to be prostituted
as common. O ye subverters of all decency, who use men, as if they
were women, and lead out women to war, as if they were men! This
is the work of the devil, to subvert and confound all things, to
overleap the boundaries that have been appointed from the beginning,
and remove those which God has set to nature. For God assigned to
woman the care of the house only, to man the conduct of public affairs.
But you reduce the head to the feet, and raise the feet to the head.
You suffer women to bear arms, and are not ashamed.[172] |
CONCLUSION
The contemporary push to normalize women serving in offensive combat positions
is part of a larger ideological movement aggressively seeking to redefine
the meaning and purpose of sexuality. Patriarchy is the enemy and any
steps taken to vanquish that enemy, even to the point of turning men into
women and women into men, is seen to be justified because of the justice
of the larger cause. We oppose that movement, not because we are politically
conservative, but because the movement is contrary to the express will
of God revealed in His Word. This movement is diametrically opposed to
the creation order God ordained, but those seeking this deform will continue
to pursue it with the greatest fervor, without blushing in the face of
its consequences. Consider the following excerpt from the Los Angeles
Times:
[Due to a high casualty rate which has caused a growing shortage
of ablebodied men within the rebel armies of Sri Lanka, the Los
Angeles Times reports that women and children are taking up arms,
and that they now comprise over a third of rebel forces.]
In a land where women are prized for their quiet passivity,
one of the world's most ruthless guerrilla groups is riding toward
victory on the strength of its female fighters. The women of the
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, rebels waging a war , for an
independent homeland in this island nation, are emerging as the
movement's most important weapon after thousands of men have died
in battle.
With vials of cyanide hanging from their necks [to kill themselves,
if captured-a requirement of all rebel soldiers], women Tigers
are shooting their way into government bunkers and police stations.
They are hacking to death men, women and babies. Women Tigers
are wrapping their bodies with explosives and killing dozens in
suicide attacks.
...Seetha, a 22-year-old leader of 1,500 women fighters, stands
just over 5 feet tall, wears her hair neatly trimmed and says
she might one day like to have a family. Dressed in camouflage
fatigues and toting a machine gun, she talks with the cool confidence
of a battle-hardened commander.
"It's difficult to say how many people I've killed, " said
Seetha, who gave up her real name when she became a Tiger. "Sometimes
after a battle, there might be 50 or 75 bodies lying around. It's
hard to say how many of them were mine."
Seetha is one of thousands of Sri Lankan women who have joined
the Tigers, changing not only the face of the notorious rebel
army but also challenging long-held views of their gender in this
traditional society. ***
Anton Raja, a Tiger spokesman, said the use of women in war
is part of a larger vision of the guerrilla leadership to liberate
Tamil women from the bonds of tradition. "In the old society,
women were cultured and nice. We loved them, but they had no major
role outside of the kitchen, " Raja said. "We went around to the
women and told them: 'You are the equal of men, you have the same
rights, you can join us in the struggle.' "
***
Sri Lankan officials have long charged that Tiger leaders
recruit children, who are easier to mold into pure fighters. Rebels
deny the charge, but the women's camp here contained at least
one girl, code-named Yadusha.
Yadusha, a quiet 14-year-old with close-cropped hair, said
the Sri Lankan army killed her uncle, Pushpara, in 1988. Another
uncle, Thiyagarajay, died fighting when he was 19. When her brother,
a Tiger commando named Dayaparan, died three years ago, Yadusha
decided to take his place. She said she hasn't seen any action
yet, but she already wears a cyanide pill around her neck. "When
they call me, I'll go, " she said. [173]
|
Times have changed from the days of the Early Church when
Clement of Alexandria wrote:
We do not say that woman's nature is the same as man's,
as she is woman. For undoubtedly it stands to reason that some difference
should exist between each of them, in virtue of which one is male
and the other female. Pregnancy and parturition, accordingly, we
say belong to woman, as she is woman, and not as she is a human
being. But if there were no difference between man and woman, both
would do and suffer the same things. As then there is sameness,
as far as respects the soul, she will attain to the same virtue;
but as there is difference as respects the peculiar construction
of the body, she is destined for child-bearing and housekeeping....
For we do not train our women like Amazons to manliness in war (although)
I hear that the Sarmatian women practice war no less than the men;
and the women of the Sacae besides, who shoot backwards, feigning
fight as well as the men.[174] |
Vietnam veteran and Pulitzer Prize-winning historian, Walter
A. McDougall, writes: "...one of the central goals of the feminist movement
is to establish a fully sexually integrated military, trained, fit, and
ready to engage in combat... . The United States today is the only serious
military power in history to contemplate thorough sexual integration of
its armed forces. And thanks to an adamant feminist lobby, a conspiracy
of silence in the officer corps, and the anodyne state of debate over
the issue, the brave new world of female infantry, bomber pilots, submariners,
and drill sergeants may lie just around the corner."[175]
No doubt women can fulfill many duties traditionally carried out by men,
and do it with great competence. But that is not the point. Women are
capable of preaching, but may they preach--that is a different question.
The Apostle Paul answered "no" and gave the Holy Spirit's reason, "For
it was Adam who was first created, and then Eve."[176]
But our postmodern age hates, and seeks to obliterate distinctions, particularly
those related to authority. Other ages have suffered a similar curse by
God: "O My people! Their oppressors are children, and women rule over
them. O My people! Those who guide you lead you astray and confuse the
direction of your paths.[177]
The connection here made between women ruling and children oppressing
adds another aspect to our understanding of man's duty to protect those
under his care: in a nation which has decided to use its women as warriors,
what is to stop our civil leaders from asking the infirm, the aged, and
children also to pick up arms?
We, the undersigned, are convinced that the creation order of sexuality
places on man the duty to lay down his life for his wife. Women and men
alike must be led to understand and obey this aspect of the biblical doctrine
of sexuality, believing that such will lead to the unity and purity of
the Church, and to the glory of God. Those who deny this duty, whether
in word or action, oppose the Word of God.
Taken together, we believe the above arguments provide a clear and compelling
scriptural rationale for declaring our Church's principled opposition
to women serving in military combat positions. It saddens us to see how
common it has become for the reaction against certain modern theological
positions (such as theonomy and dispensationalism), to diminish our confidence
in the entire Word of God. In discussions of the biblical teaching on
women serving in offensive combat positions, it has struck us how pervasive
is the disregard for the contemporary utility of two-thirds of the written
Word of God. This we regret deeply.
There is no glory to God in a view of the Old Testament that relegates
its clear teaching on the relations of the sexes merely to "wise counsel."
How much better off we would be to echo the respect for the Old Testament's
teaching of those church fathers cited above who have so clearly spoken
of the normative nature of Old Testament law governing the behavior and
proper relation of the sexes.
Historical theologian, Harold O. J. Brown, has written: "Within both Judaism
and Christianity, indeed almost universally in all human culture, the
military profession has been reserved for males.... Ephesians 5 (tells
us) that Christ loved the Church and gave Himself for her.... (H)usbands
should be prepared do die for their wives rather than vice versa." 178
With this weight of testimony enumerated above, it becomes clear that
the burden of proof does not rest on those who claim that man has a duty
to defend woman, but those who deny this duty. Meditating on the glory
of the divine institution of marriage, the nineteenth century Southern
Presbyterian pastor, William S. Plumer, wrote:
Some persons far removed from all sickly sensibility
never witness the solemnization of a marriage without strong emotion.
Behold that noble, generous young man, full of energy, courage and
magnanimity. He has sincerely plighted his troth. He would not hesitate
a moment to step in between his loved one and the stroke of death,
and thus save her from all harm. By his side stands a lovely female
clothed in all the freshness of youth, and surpassing beauty. In
the trusting, the heroic devotion, which impels her to leave country,
parents, for a comparative stranger, she has launched her frail
bark upon a wide and stormy sea. She has handed over her happiness
and doom for this world, to another's keeping. But she has done
it fearlessly, for love whispers to her, that her chosen guardian
and protector bears a manly and a noble heart. Oh woe to him that
forgets his oath and manliness.[179] |
Fathers and brothers, may God cause us to remember our
oaths and manliness.
Signed,
TE Timothy B. Bayly
RE Bentley B. Rayburn
RE Donald B. Weyburn |
TE Stephen W. Leonard
RE Keith Stoeber
|
Footnotes:
82 - Romans 2:14.
83 - While the approach of Hodge here is weighty for
historic Presbyterian thought, another less deductive approach is possible.
This would be the inductive model of moving from the general equity of
the civil law of Israel that proscribed military service to women, to
the universal or general legal reality of the proscription of military
service to women in all cultures, not only in the Ancient Near East, but
throughout recorded history until the recent novel sociological initiatives
of the twentieth century. General equity implies that which is universal
to all nations. Special equity is that legal obligation which is particular
to the needs of Israel as a theocratic commonwealth. Israel's denial of
military service to women as part of its civil law was not for its own
interest as a chosen theocratic nation, but was in fact a reflection of
God's moral reality for all nations.
84 - A. A. Hodge, A Commentary on the Confession
of Faith, (Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Education, 1869), p.
338-339. See also, A. A. Hodge, Evangelical Theology, (Edinburgh:
Banner of Truth, 1990), pp. 271-289.
85 - "He makes the nations great, then destroys them;
He enlarges the nations, then leads them away" (Job 12:23).
86 - Currently, women comprise 14% of those on active
duty but 20% of new recruits. See Steven Lee Myers, "The Armed Forces
Soften Their Touch," New York Times, April 2, 2000; also Lucian
K. Truscott IV, "Marketing an Army of Individuals," New York Times,
January 21, 2001.
87 - 1 Timothy 3:15.
88 - Romans 1:26-27.
89 - Chrysostom, Homilies on the Epistle to the Romans,
Homily 4 on Romans 1:26,27.
90 - C. S. Lewis, The Abolition of Man, (New
York: Macmillan, 1947), p. 35.
91 - Consensus Report, Section V: "Relevant Viewpoints
from Church History."
92 - Ibid, Section IX: "Scriptural Premises."
93 - Ibid.
94 - Francis Turretin, Institutes ofElenctic Theology,
3 vols., (Phillipsburg, NJ: P & R, 1992), 2:115.
95 - Judges 4.
96 - Judges 4:9.
97 - Judges 5:7.
98 - "Now she sent and summoned Barak the son of Abinoam
from Kedesh-naphtali, and said to him, `Behold, the LORD, the God of Israel,
has commanded, "Go and march to Mount Tabor, and take with you ten thousand
men (ish) from the sons of Naphtali and from the sons of Zebulun""' (Judges
4:6).
99 - Judges 9:54.
100 - John Murray, Collected Writings, 4 vols.,
(Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 1976), 1:253.
101 - John Calvin, Commentary on Acts 13:10.
102 - Wise Counsel Position, p. 1.
103 - Consensus Report, Section IX.
104 - WCF XIX.iv.
105 - Cf. I Corinthians 9:8-10; 10:1-13; 1 Timothy
5:18; also Romans 15:4.
106 - Romans 15:4 NASB; cf. Romans 4:23-24;
1 Corinthians 9:8-10; 10:6 and 11.
107 - 1 Corinthians 10:11.
108 - 2 Timothy 3:16.
109 - Francis Turretin, Institutes ofElenctic Theology,
3 vols., (Phillipsburg, NJ: P & R, 1992), 2:166.
110 - Colin Brown, ed., The New International Dictionary
of New Testament Theology, 3 vols., (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), s.v.
`Name,' by Frederick Fyvie Bruce, 2:657.
111 - David Lyle Jeffrey, "Inclusivity and Our Language
of Worship," Reformed Journal, August, 1987.
112 - Psalm 103:13.
113 - Deuteronomy 10:18.
114 - 1 Samuel 2:8.
115 - Psalm 68:5.
116 - Psalm 82:3.
117 - Isaiah 1:23.
118 - Isaiah 42:13.
119 - Jeremiah 51:30.
120 - "He has therefore, in His work of recapitulation,
summed up all things, both waging war against our enemy, and crushing
him who had at the beginning led us away captives in Adam, and trampled
upon his head, as thou canst perceive in Genesis that God said to the
serpent, 'And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between
thy seed and her seed; He shall be on the watch for thy head, and thou
on the watch for His heel.' For from that time, He who should be born
of a woman ...was preached as keeping watch for the head of the serpent."
Irenaeus, Against Heresies, Book 5, Chapter 21; "Christ Is the
Head of All Things."
121 - Genesis 3:15; Revelation
2:7; 19:1-8; 22:2,14,17,19.
122 - Calvin's Commentary on Hebrews 2:14.
123 - Tertullian, The Five Books Against Marcion,
Book 4, Chapter 20.
124 - Ibid, Book 3, Chapter 14.
125 - See Tremper Longman, "The Divine Warrior: The
New Testament Use of an Old Testament Motif," Westminster Theological
Journal, 4 ( Fall, 1982), pp. 292-307.
126 - 1 Corinthians 14:34-35; Ephesians 5:23-24; 1
Timothy 5:8; etc. '
127 - Ephesians 5:28-33.
128 - "(T)he Lord, Who has subdued under His yoke all
earthly kingdoms in the bosom of His Church spread abroad through the
whole world, will not fail to defend Her from wrong...." Augustine, Letter
35 (To Eusebius).
129 - Gustaf Aulen, Christus Victor: An Historical
Study of the Three Main Types of the Idea of the Atonement, (London:
S.P.C.K., 1953).
130 - Longman writes, "in many New Testament passages
the `Day of Yahweh' the Divine Warrior is transformed into the 'Day of
Christ' the Divine Warrior (1 Corinthians 1:8; 5:5; 2 Corinthians 1:14;
Philippians 1:6,10; 2:16)" Ibid., p. 292.
131 - John 6:12, 13.
132 - John 17:6, 12b.
133 - Book of Church Order 27-1.
134 - On the fatherhood of church officers, see Vern
Sheridan Poythress, "The Church as Family: Why Male Leadership in the
Family Requires Male Leadership in the Church," in John Piper and Wayne
Grudem, eds., Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood, (Wheaton:
Crossway, 1991), pp. 237-250.
135 - Ambrose, On the Duties of the Clergy,
Book 1, Chapter 36, Number 183.
136 - Genesis 4:9. On the Hebrew root, shmr: "(To)
`take care of,' `guard' ...involves keeping or tending to things such
as a garden (Genesis 2:15), a flock (Genesis 30:31), a house (2 Samuel
15:16). Or it may involve guarding against intruders, etc., such as the
cherubim guarding the way to the tree of life in Genesis 3:24, or gatekeepers
(Isaiah 21:11) or watchmen (Song of Solomon 5:7). ...Cain asks, `Am I
my brother's keeper?' (Genesis 4:9) [and] David touchingly admonishes
Joab, before he enters battle against Absalom, to `watch over Absalom
for me' (2 Samuel 18:12)." R. Laird Harris, ed., Theological Wordbook
of the Old Testament, 2 vols., (Chicago: Moody Press, 1980), 2:939.
137 - Romans 16:20; Revelation 12:1-17; 20:1-3, 7-10.
138 - Martin Luther, Lectures on Genesis Chapters
1-5, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan, 55 vols. (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing
House, 1958), 1:151.
139 - John Calvin, Commentaries on ...Genesis, tr.
John King, (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1996), pp. 145-146.
140 - "God's question is addressed only to the man,
even though both the man and his wife are in hiding. Also in the following
verse, the man comments only on his behavior, 'I hid myself' (rather than)
'we hid ourselves.'" Victor Hamilton, The Book of Genesis Chapters 1-17, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990), p. 193. Similarly, "The
man was the first to be tried, because the primary responsibility rested
upon him, and lie was the first to receive the Divine command." U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis Part One: From Adam to Noah,
(Jerusalem: Magnes, 1998), p. 155.
141 - E. J. Young, Genesis 3: A Devotional and Expository
Study, (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1966), p. 79.
142 - "Though Eve sinned before Adam, Rom 5:12-19 traces
human sin back to Adam, giving to him the ultimate responsibility for
the fall." John M. Frame, "Toward a Theology of the State," Westminster
Theological Journal, Vol. 51, No. 2, Fall 1989, p. 207.
143 - Genesis 3:17.
144 - Romans 8:19-22.
145 - Herman Bavinck, Our Reasonable Faith,
(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956), p. 187.
146 - Martin Luther, Lectures on Genesis Chapters
1-5, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan, 55 vols., (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing
House, 1958), 1:102-103.
147 - John Piper, "A Vision of Biblical Complementarity,"
in Piper and Grudem, eds., Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood,
(Wheaton: Crossway, 1991), pp. 31-59.
148 - 1 Peter 3:7.
149 - Some may object that the Scripture proofs were
not adopted at the same time as the Westminster Standards, but slightly
later, and are, therefore, not what we adhere to when we subscribe to
those Standards. While it is true that strict subscriptionists call men
only to subscribe to the Standards, and not the proofs, those proofs were
developed in the historical context of the Assembly, being prepared by
a select group of the Divines, and hence may be taken as accurate reflections
of the mind of the Assembly.
150 - A. A. Hodge, A Commentary on the Confession
of Faith, (Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Education, 1869), p.
395.
151 - Exodus 22:22-24.
152 - Cf. Exodus, Deuteronomy, Judges, I & 2 Samuel,
1 & 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, etc.
153 - Genesis 32:13-18.
154 - Genesis 32, 33.
155 - Matthew 1:20-24.
156 - Matthew 2:13.
157 - E. L. Hebden Taylor, The Reformational Understanding
of Family and Marriage, (Nutley, NJ: Craig Press, 1970), p. 67.
158 - Genesis 3:20.
159 - Matthew 24:19.
160 - 1 Timothy 2:15a.
161 - Andrew Carroll, "Annals of History: American
Soldiers Write Home," The New Yorker, 27 December 1999 and 3 January
2000, p. 93.
162 - Poythress went on to call into question the United
State's ability to wage a just war in such circumstances: "It follows,
then, that the present U.S. government policy of allowing women in combat
requires commanding officers to act immorally .... 1 believe the implication
is that the PCA (and other true churches) must ... counsel the government
that its policy is immoral...."
163 - Genesis 3:20.
164 - Genesis 1:26-31; 2:18-25.
165 - Deuteronomy 22:5.
166 - 1 Corinthians 11:8,14-15.
167 - John Calvin, Commentaries on the Four Last
Books of Moses Arranged in the Form of a Harmony, tr. Charles Bingham,
22 vols., (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, repr. 1996), 3:110.
168 - Clement of Alexandria, The Stromata, Book
2, Chapter 18.
169 - The word (kli) used to reflect "what pertains
to a man" in Deuteronomy 22:5 indicates more than apparel. In Genesis
27:3, this same root is used for "weapons," and in his Annotations
on the Pentateuch, 1639, Ainsworth writes, "The Hebrew kli is a general word for all instruments, vessels, ornaments, whatsoever;
and here for all apparel and whatsoever a man putteth on him, in time
of peace or of war, and so the Chaldee translateth it armour or weapons,
which is also forbidden a woman to wear. And this precept concerneth natural
honesty and seemliness which hath perpetual equity (1 Corinthians 11)
....(Thus) men should not change their nature." C. M. Carmichael writes,
"`No woman shall put on the gear of a warrior (kli-geber), 'is
an accurate translation." Cf C.M. Carmichael, Law and Narrative in
the Bible: The Evidence of the Deuteronomic Laws and the Decalogue,
p. 162.
170 - "Two years ago, John Knox in a private conversation,
asked my opinion respecting female government. I frankly answered that
because it was a deviation from the primitive and established order of
nature, it ought to be held as a judgment on man for his dereliction of
his rights just like slavery-that nevertheless certain women had sometimes
been so gifted that the singular blessing of God was conspicuous in them,
and made it manifest that they had been raised up by the providence of
God, either because He willed by such examples to condemn the supineness
of men, or thus show more distinctly His own glory. I here instanced Huldah
and Deborah." John Calvin, "Letter DXXXVIII to William Cecil" in Selected
Works of John Calvin: Tracts and Letters, ed. Henry Beveridge & Jules
Bonnet, vol. 7, (Philadelphia, 1860), p. 46.
171 - Luther's Works, vol. XIV, p. 700-01. Similar
translation and comment is found in Calvin, J. Ridderbos, S. Driver, Peter
Craigie, J. Maxwell, E. Kalland, The Targum Onkelos, etc.
172 - Chrysostom, Homily on Titus 2:14.
173 - Dexter Filkins, "In Sri Lanka, Dying To Be Equals," Los Angeles Times, February 21, 2000, page A1.
174 - Clement of Alexandria, The Stromata, book
4, chapter 8.
175 - Walter A. McDougall, "The
Feminization of the American Military" February 4, 2000, E-Notes,
distributed by the Foreign Policy Research Institute <fpri.org>.
176 - 1 Timothy 2:13.
177 - Isaiah 3:12.
178 - Harold 0. J. Brown, "The
Goddess and the Bride," Chronicles, February 2000, pp. 42-43.
179 - William S. Plurner, The Law of God, (Philadelphia:
Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1864; repr. 1996, Sprinkle) p. 455.
Index of all
relevant texts in the 2001 and 2002 PCA Minutes |
Women
in the Military (WIM) Committee Final Report ---------------------- |
M30GA, 30-54,
p. 282 and 30-57,
p. 283 |
Communications
1, 2 and 6--------------------------------------------------------- |
M30GA, 30-57, pp. 287 - 289 |
Consensus Report 2001------------------------------------------------------------- |
M29GA, 29-57, p. 259 - 278 |
Final
Recommendations 2002------------------------------------------------------ |
M30GA, 30-57, p. 285 |
Final
Recommendations, 2001------------------------------------------------------ |
M29GA, 29-57, XI, p. 277 & M30GA,
p. 286 |
"Man's Duty
to Protect Woman" [Majority Report, 2001] -------------------- |
M29GA, 29-57, pp. 278 - 308 |
Minority
Report 2002---------------------------------------------------------------- |
M30GA, 30-57, p. 287 |
Minority Report
2001---------------------------------------------------------------- |
M29GA, 29-57, p. 308 - 320 |
Overtures 2, 21 and 26--------------------------------------------------------------- |
M30GA, 30-53, III, 7, p. 245; 30-57,
5, p. 287 |
Supplemental
Report 2002----------------------------------------------------------- |
M30GA, 30-57, p. 287 |
"Recommendations
for the Wise Counsel of the Church" ------------------- |
M29GA, 29-57, p. 308 - 320 |
Motion
to Send Report to the President [motion failed] |
M30GA, 30-60, p. 290 |
©PCA Historical Center, 12330 Conway Road, St. Louis, MO, 2018. All Rights Reserved. |